Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with opioid withdrawal?

Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is typically not a symptom associated with opioid withdrawal. Instead, the withdrawal from opioids generally leads to symptoms that reflect the body's physiological response to the absence of the drug, which can include increased heart rate (tachycardia) rather than a decrease.

In opioid withdrawal, individuals often experience symptoms like vomiting, piloerection (goosebumps), insomnia, anxiety, muscle aches, and diarrhea. These symptoms arise as the body reacts to the sudden lack of opioids, which have depressant effects on the central nervous system.

The other symptoms listed, such as vomiting, piloerection, and insomnia, are well-documented effects experienced during withdrawal. Understanding this physiological response helps clarify the distinction between typical opioid withdrawal symptoms and those that might be attributed to other factors or conditions.